According to Milieudefensie et al., the violation of the duty of care involves unlawful endangerment and breaches of obligations under the ECHR that are owed by Shell … Milieudefensie wants Shell to stop wrecking the climate. In a unanimous ruling, the Court allowed the claimants to continue with a claim that the UK-domiciled parent of a multinational group … The Milieudefensie et al. In the case of Four Nigerian Farmers and Milieudefensie v. Shell on the alleged but disputed tortious liability of Shell companies for damage caused by … against Shell Petroleum and Shell T&T in the proceedings with cause-list number 10-1677, in a summons of 21 April 2010 of 89 pages, along with two folders containing 84 exhibits in total. The Dutch Courts are leading the way with two landmark judgments Uragenda 1 and Royal Dutch Shell 2. Found insideThis book analyzes how public and private managers deal with energy transitions by creating innovative networks capable of co-ordinated action. On 24 March 2010, former Shell Transport and Trading Company and Dutch Shell Petroleum N.V. (Shell’s Dutch subsidiary) were added as defendants after Shell argued that it cannot be held responsible for actions of its predecessors. In Milieudefensie et al. However, only a handful of these precedents are as significant as the decision issued on May 26 th, 2021, by the Hague District Court in Milieudefensie et. Found inside – Page 45... its decision, it made use of recent developments in English law concerning the common law tort of negligence: Akpan and others v Royal Dutch Shell and ... al. In May 2021, in Milieudefensie and others v Royal Dutch Shell plc (the Shell Case), the Dutch Hague District Court ordered Shell to amend its corporate policy so as to achieve a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of 45% by 2030 from 2019 levels for the Shell group and the group's suppliers and customers. Luxembourg Pension Fund Will Report on Carbon Footprint Following Action by Greenpeace . Found inside – Page 135143Rechtbank's-Gravenhage 24 February 2013, Akpan and Vereniging Milieudefensie v. Royal Dutch Shell Plc and Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria ... Shell was ordered to reduce all carbon dioxide (CO2) resulting from its global operations—including those from the combustion of oil-and-gas products by its customers—by 45 percent by 2030, compared with 2019. In Milieudefensie et al. Click for PDF. Een veroordeling is een ander paar mouwen en niet noodzakelijk aantrekkelijk. Found insideTrends in Climate Change Legislation offers an astute analysis of the political, institutional and economic factors that have motivated this surge, placing it into context. (Hague District Court). The oil spills have caused massive fish kills and contamination of croplands. The plaintiffs allege that Total failed to adequately assess the project's threats to human rights and the environment. (Shell) In April 2019, the environmental group Milieudefensie/Friends of the Earth Netherlands commenced proceedings against Shell alleging Shell’s contributions to climate change violate its duty of care under Dutch law and human rights obligations. Milieudefensie director Donald Pols, right, celebrates the outcome of the verdict in the court case of Milieudefensie, the Dutch arm of the Friends of the Earth environmental organization, against Shell in The Hague, Netherlands, Wednesday, May 26, 2021 In a landmark legal battle of climate change activists in the Netherlands energy giant Shell was ordered to rein in its carbon emissions. AP Photo/Peter Dejong Milieudefensie director Donald Pols, right, celebrates the outcome of the verdict in the court case of Milieudefensie, the Dutch arm of the Friends of the Earth environmental organization, against Shell in The Hague, Netherlands, Wednesday, May 26, 2021. THE CASES 13 3.1 Kiobel and others v Shell 13 3.2 Environmental cases 16 3.2.1 Four farmers’ cases 20 3.2.2 Okpabi and others 20 3.2.3 The Bodo community 24 A landslide rendered the only known opening to the cave to block completely. Just two weeks ago in the Netherlands, in a case brought by four Nigerian farmers and Friends of the Earth, the Court of Appeal of the Hague held Shell liable for certain damages suffered through oil spills in Nigeria (see Milieudefensie v Shell). February 15, 2021. VERENIGING MILIEUDEFENSIE, an association with legal personality with its registered office in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, claimants in the main action and applicants in the ancillary action, counsel in the proceedings: M.J.G. The ruling of the court in Milieudefensie v Shell though viewed by some as a “partial victory” (the ruling was in favour of only one of the four farmers who brought the action against the Company 4) is considered a positive step toward instilling a sense of responsibility to the delicate environment in the huge oil companies. According to RDS, it District Court of The Hague (Rechtbank's Gravenhage), 30 January 2013, Akpan and others v Royal Dutch Shell and ShelPetroleum Development Company of \igeria, Ltd, (2013) LJN BY9854 (Netherlands) [Akpan 2013]. Found inside... to request a summary of technical or scientific matters from the parties, ... energy company based on OECD Guidelines; See also Milieudefensie et al v. Climate activists celebrated a landmark victory in May in the Netherlands. Found insideThis new edition of Water and Energy: Threats and Opportunities is timely and continues to highlight the inextricable link between water and energy, providing an up-to-date overview of the subject with helpful detailed summaries of the ... al. Furthermore, Shell believes that the pollution has been cleaned adequately. The main causes of oil spills are inadequate, defective or obsolescent 1 Friday Alfred Akpan and Vereniging Milieudefensie v. Royal Dutch Shell PLC and Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, District Court of The Hague [2013] ECLI.NL.RBDHA.2013.BY9854 Rechtbank Den Haag, 30-01-2013, C/09/337050/HA ZA 09/1580. Milieudefensie et al. Found insideA devastating case against the world "s largest oil company. Found inside – Page 157The first is Wiwa v Royal Dutch Shell, an action brought by the family of ... The Hague recently adopted its decision in a case filed by Milieudefensie ... A summary of ESG developments, including two perspectives of the impacts of Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell plc [26.05.21] on financial institutions and insurers – one from the UK and one from the USA; the latest update on sustainability reporting; and the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy proposals to strengthen the UK’s framework for corporate … Found insideThis timely Research Handbook addresses the cutting edges of the Brussels Ibis Regulation, in particular its place within the overall system of EU law and its adaptations in response to lawsuits or the needs of particular industries. On 27 May 2021 the Hague District Court (the Court) ordered Royal Dutch Shell (Shell), both directly and via its group companies, to limit its CO2 emissions by at least net 45% at end 2030, relative to 2019 levels.. Class action. Found insideShows readers how we can all help solve the climate crisis by focusing on a few key, achievable actions. […] The order to reduce CO2 emissions by at least 45% by the end of 2030 relative to 2019 is an obligation borne by RDS. Found inside – Page iiInternational law holds a paradoxical position with territory. Most rules of international law are traditionally based on the notion of State territory, and territoriality still significantly shapes our contemporary legal system. On 30 December 2009, the Hague district court ruled that it did have jurisdiction over the plaintiffs’ case. Milieudefensie et al. Investors should […] For those who have not read the Shell strategy, its main elements are: 1) Reducing the net carbon footprint (NCF) of products sold by 65% in 2050. Summary On Monday, April 5th, 2019, the environmental group Milieudefensie/Friends of the Earth Netherlands and co-plaintiffs served Shell a court summons alleging Shell’s contributions to climate change violate its duty of care under Dutch law and human rights obligations. Why this bold move is a signal of our collective power and bigger things to come. THE CASES 13 3.1 Kiobel and others v Shell 13 3.2 Environmental cases 16 3.2.1 Four farmers’ cases 20 3.2.2 Okpabi and others 20 3.2.3 The Bodo community 24 3.3 The “OPL 245” bribery case 27 5. • The number of cases challenging government inaction or lack of ambition in climate goals and commitments continues to grow, with 37 ‘systemic mitigation’ cases identified around the world. CARGILL, INC., Petitioner, v. JOHN DOE I, et al., Respondents. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 1. ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC, a company incorporated under foreign In the summons it is explained what the demands are. 2 8 USC § 1350 (2011) [Alien Tort Stature]. v. Royal Dutch Shell (“Milieudefensie” or the “Shell case”), The Hague District Court (the “Court”) found that Royal Dutch Shell plc (“Shell”) owed a duty of care to Dutch citizens to prevent injury resulting from the carbon emissions associated with … Summary. - […] some of cases settled before trial or struck out for various other reasons, some others such as Lungowe v … Parent company owes duty of care in transnational cases - Hague Court of Appeal - LawCareNigeria - […] possibility in Connelly v. RTZ and Lubbe v. Cape, and the UK Supreme Court confirmed this in Vedanta v. Dutch State submits grounds for appealing the verdict. 5 Eric Dooh & Ors v Royal Dutch Shell & Ors [2015] The Hague Court of Appeal, 18 December 2015, ECLI:NL:GHDHA:2015:3586. The case was filed in the Hague Court of Appeals. Chris Bell. Found insideThis book provides a sustained treatment of the politico-legal context and content of a proposed business and human rights treaty. Summary: On April 5th, 2019, the environmental group Milieudefensie/Friends of the Earth Netherlands and co-plaintiffs served Shell a court summons alleging Shell’s contributions to climate change violate its duty of care under Dutch law and human rights obligations. v Royal Dutch Shell plc (Shell) points to the willingness of courts to impose positive obligations on major emitters to develop corporate policies that align with adopted international climate … This collection of newspaper columns and articles mostly written in the 1970s and 1980s perhaps provides the best overview of Saro-Wiwa's political and environmental concerns. Milieudefensie announced that it is starting a court case against Shell. Methodology and terminology 11 4. Milieudefensie director Donald Pols, right, celebrates the outcome of the verdict in the court case of Milieudefensie, the Dutch arm of the Friends of the Earth environmental organization, against Shell in The Hague, Netherlands, Wednesday, May 26, 2021 In a landmark legal battle of climate change activists in the Netherlands energy giant Shell was ordered to rein in its carbon emissions. Milieudefensie (Friends of the Earth Netherlands) has put in motion a groundbreaking climate court case against Shell, to force the company to bring its policy in line with the Paris Climate Agreement. In summary, the Hague District Court has ordered Shell to reduce its … Update 26 July 2019 the English version of the judgment is now available here.. RYNGAERT 247 Nevertheless, for all the (justified) optimism following these cases, there are still areas where there is … "This volume is not a random collection of papers presented at the conference but rather a monograph presenting in a structured manner some of the topical issues related to this subject. On Monday, April 5th, 2019, the Dutch interest group Milieudefensie (“Friends of the Earth Netherlands”) filed a complaint to the District Court of the Hague. In summary, there are three key points of principle that emerge from these cases. Uiterwaal, counsel of record: W.P. De succesvolle dagvaarding door Milieudefensie van het Nederlandse moederbedrijf van Shell, naar aanleiding van milieuschade in Nigeria (DS 12 Oktober), was poepsimpel. Milieudefensie, et al. A short summary of the evidence and argumentation used and of Milieudefensie et al.’s demands, that Shell must contribute to achieving the global climate goal … For those who have not read the Shell strategy, its main elements are: 1) Reducing the net carbon footprint (NCF) of products sold by 65% in 2050. The recent decision of a Dutch court in Milieudefensie and Ors. 4 Okpabi & Ors v Royal Dutch Shell Plc & Anor [2018] EWCA Civ 191. In January 2017 I reported that Ms Kiobel, following failure to convince the USSC of jurisdiction under the Alien Tort Statute, subsequently initiated proceedings in the Dutch courts to try and sue Shell over the case. On the 5th of april 2019 Milieudefensie handed the court summons to Shell. Summary: On 18 June 2021 the Supreme Court of Nepal issued an interim order requiring the government not to implement its plan to extract and export natural resources, namely sand, pebbles, and stones, in order to reduce its trade deficit. According to Shell the leaks have been caused by sabotage in which case, under Nigerian law, there is no liability. Found insideThis book addresses that need. Apart from presenting studies and the results of research projects, the book also offers an overview of the wide range of means available for providing and using climate services. On May 26th, 2021 a District Court in the Hague, Netherlands (Judge Larisa Alwin presiding) issued a groundbreaking judgment in the fight against climate change. In May 2021, Shell Petroleum N.V. signed an agreement with Malampaya Energy XP Pte Ltd (a subsidiary of Udenna Corporation) for the sale of its 100% shareholding in Shell … RYNGAERT 247 v. Royal Dutch Shell, plc. The Claimants In summary, there are three key points of principle that emerge from these cases. v. Royal Dutch Shell plc. We began reporting voluntarily on our environmental performance with the first Shell Report that covered 1997. On 26 May 2021, the District Court of the Hague passed a judgment recognizing an obligation of Royal Dutch Shell to mitigate climate change. Shell – EJIL: Talk! However, only a handful of these precedents are as significant as the decision issued on May 26 th, 2021, by the Hague District Court in Milieudefensie et. den Hertog, v. 1. v. Royal Dutch Shell. Nos. The decision of the Netherlands Court in Milieudefensie et al. v. Royal Dutch Shell. The book traces the role that Western systems of tort law may play in promoting international corporate social responsibility/accountability. KEY FACTS ABOUT SHELL IN NIGERIA 11 3. April 9, 2016. v Royal Dutch Shell plc reinforces the expansion of tort law to climate change issues. The court ruled that it must cut its global emissions by 45% from 2019 levels by 2030, as it was in violation of human rights. Bernum sought summary judgment for the debt owed to it under an Area of Mutual Interest Agreement (the "AMI") and 2007 CAPL. Human Rights Committee’s decision on the case Ieoane Teitiota v New Zealand: Landmark or will-o’-the-wisp for climate refugees? The case was filed in … As this application of tort increases, directors will need to be aware of and manage the increased risks in order to comply with their company law duties. Summary of Okpabi v Shell (UK) Summary of Milieudefensie v Royal Dutch Shell (Netherlands) Summary of Vedanta case (UK) Summary of KiK case (Germany) Commentary Proposal for an EU wide mandatory human rights due diligence law, Stuart Neely The importance of civil liability for a corporate human rights duty, Lise Smit Each of these cases are based on the grounds of protecting human rights and/or to avoid breaches of international treaties such as the Paris Agreement or domestic legislation such as the Climate Change Act 2008 in England and Wales. Found insideThis volume provides the first comprehensive investigation of the Netherlands in the World Englishes paradigm. It explores the history of English contact, the present spread of English and attitudes towards English in the Netherlands. Milieudefensie v. Royal Dutch Shell plc Plaintiffs’ argument outlines how Shell’s long knowledge of climate change, misleading statements on climate change, and inadequate action to reduce climate change help support a finding of Shell’s unlawful endangerment of Dutch citizens and actions constituting hazardous negligence. Found inside – Page ivThis book offers a historical analysis of the geopolitical and geoeconomic competition between the USA and Russia, which has recently heated up again due to the eastward expansion of NATO. 2 8 USC § 1350 (2011) [Alien Tort Stature]. v. Royal Dutch Shell 1 (" Milieudefensie " or the "Shell case"), The Hague District Court (the "Court") found that Royal Dutch Shell plc ("Shell") owed a duty of care to Dutch citizens to prevent injury resulting from the carbon emissions associated with its operations and its … Royal Dutch Shell plc, commonly known as Shell, is a British-Dutch multinational oil and gas company headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands, and incorporated in the United Kingdom as a public limited company. This book examines how litigation over climate change shapes the choices of governments, corporations and the public regarding mitigation and adaptation. This Handbook will be an essential reference for scholars, students, practitioners, policymakers, and general readers interested in how corporate law and governance have exacerbated global society's most pressing challenges, and how reforms ... (b) RDS’s positionRDS argues … In a case that was the first of its kind, the district court of The Hague ruled against oil company Royal Dutch Shell in May 2021 in Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell. The Supreme Court has granted an appeal in respect of a claim brought by more than 40,000 Claimants against the UK-domiciled parent company of a multi-national group of companies. On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit BRIEF OF FOREIGN LAWYERS AS AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS Tanya … The recent Dutch case Milieudefensie et al. In addition, this book helps to understand how and why innovation in mobility practices takes place or not. al. The spills covered by this lawsuit occurred years ago in the villages of Goi, Oruma and Ikot Ada Udo. So long ago that two of the original plaintiffs, Alali Efanga and Chief Barizaa Dooh of Goi, have passed away since the original spills. In a landmark legal battle of climate change activists in the Netherlands energy giant Shell was ordered to … Found inside – Page 216... the final decision, provided by the highest Court in the Dutch legal order. ... Climate Case: Milieudefensie v Shell As mentioned above (Section I), ... Birch Lake resisted summary judgment on the basis that Bernum's operation of a particular well (the "4-3 Well") was grossly negligent. Milieudefensie is taking Shell to court in the Netherlands. In what can be described as a truly historic judgment, the Hague District Court ruled yesterday in Milieudefensie et al. This is of course good news for the victims hoping to achieve remedies for their harms, but also in general for those arguing for more accountability for parent companies of transnational corporate groups. We do it to be transparent, and to show how we are contributing to sustainable development. This volume is the scientific report of a research project that aimed to clarify the concept of ecological debt, and to study its relevance and applicability in Belgian and international policy. Suing the Shell … v Royal Dutch Shell plc C/09/571932 / … Found insideIntroduction 1: Conditions Jurisdiction Validity of International Law Standing Independence 2: Techniques Direct Application Interpretation Review of Administrative Discretion Procedural Law 3: Remedies Prevention or Determination of ... Shell in court, again: a short comparison of the Okpabi and Milieudefensie judgments. Executive summary 4 2. District Court of The Hague (Rechtbank's Gravenhage), 30 January 2013, Akpan and others v Royal Dutch Shell and ShelPetroleum Development Company of \igeria, Ltd, (2013) LJN BY9854 (Netherlands) [Akpan 2013]. A summary of ESG developments, including two perspectives of the impacts of Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell plc [26.05.21] on financial institutions and insurers – one from the UK and one from the USA; the latest update on sustainability reporting; and the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy proposals to strengthen the UK’s framework for corporate … At Royal Dutch Shell plc’s Annual General Meeting on May 18, 2021, the Board was authorised to allot ordinary shares in Royal Dutch Shell plc, and to … 16 There are cases pending in France under the duty of vigilance law (considered here). Milieudefensie are represented in their action against Shell by attorney Roger Cox, the same attorney who represented Urgenda in their initial proceeding against the Dutch government in 2015. Xandra Kramer and Ekaterina Pannebakker then alerted us to the use of Article 7 in last week’s momentous Milieudefensie v Shell (umpteen) ruling [Dutch version here, English version here], in which Shell by a first instance judge has been ordered to reduce its CO2 emissions. The case was filed in the Hague Court of Appeal. METHODOLOGY 10 2. Found inside – Page 636See www.milieudefensie.nl/english/shell/the-people-of-nigeria-versus-shell. These holdings were not addressed in the appeal decision and RESPONSIBILITY FOR ... On 29 January, the Court of Appeals (Gerechtshof) of The Hague delivered its judgments in the case of Four Nigerian Farmers and Milieudefensie v. Shell. This has ruined the livelihoods of residents. Okpabi and others v Royal Dutch Shell Plc and another [2021] UKSC 3. Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell was a court case heard by the district court of The Hague in the Netherlands in 2021 related to efforts by multinational corporations to curtail carbon dioxide emissions. Part one of this book explicates the most prominent theories of corporate moral agency and provides a detailed debunking of why corporate moral agency is a fallacy. According to the plaintiffs, their villages have become virtually unliveable due to the spills. Milieudefensie, the Dutch branch of Friends of The Earth, brought the lawsuit in 2008 on behalf of four Nigerian farmers. Facts of the Case. 2. This book is based on the acknowledgment that climate change is a multifaceted challenge that requires action on the part of all stakeholders, including civil society, and the notion that climate change is at a tipping point with urgent ... The Women Peace and Security agenda of the UN Security Council turns twenty: A tale of changing fortunes al. v Royal Dutch Shell In a judgement of 26 May, the District Court of the Hague found that Royal Dutch Shell (RDS) has an “individual responsibility” (4.4.13, 4.4.52) to limit its carbon emissions by at least 45 percent by 2030, in comparison to 2019 levels (for a summary and a commentary on the decision, see here ). Found insideA. Global Approaches: A Duty of Care in the Netherlands for a full case summary of Milieudefensie et al. v Royal Dutch Shell Plc.) ... The report was published on the University of Groningen’s web site 1. Summary: Six nongovernmental organizations have sued energy company Total over an oil project in Uganda and Tanzania. Found insideThis volume presents six new papers on environmental/energy economics and policy. The three waves of climate litigation 13 5. A major new independent scientific assessment, carried out by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), shows that pollution from over 50 years of oil operations in the region has penetrated further and deeper than many may have ... ́^SThis volume includes chapters on "Newcomers in the Electricity Market: Aggregators and Storage", "Hydropower Concessions in the EU: A Need for Liberalisation or Privatisation? That the Dutch are leading the way was reaffirmed by the landmark decision of the District Court of The Hague in Milieudefensie et al v. Shell . The decision of the Netherlands Court in Milieudefensie et al. METHODOLOGY 10 2. v. Royal Dutch Shell (Judgment of 26 March 2021) that Royal Dutch Shell must slash its CO2 emissions (by 45% by 2030 from 2019 levels). This is the provocative and original argument of Climate Change Justice. Eric Posner and David Weisbach strongly favor both a climate change agreement and efforts to improve economic justice. Found insideExplores how two landmark transnational human rights lawsuits operated as transitional justice mechanisms in the former Western bloc. v. Royal Dutch Shell seems to mark a new phase in climate change litigation as it summons private entities for insufficient efforts in combatting climate change. Found insideThis comprehensive volume provides the first book-length account on the politics of fossil fuel subsidies. This title is also available as Open Access. which aims at restitution of conjugal rights is unconstitutional. Besides the farmers, Milieudefensie (the Dutch branch of Friends of the Earth International) acts as plaintiff. 2.5. Kiobel et al v Royal Dutch Shell Petroleum Co et al, 569 US _ (2013) [Kiobel. Shell rejects liability. It encompasses three claims made by Nigerian farmers, supported by the non-governmental organization (NGO) Milieudefensie, regarding three separate oil spills from Shell-operated pipelines and wellheads in the Oruma, Goi and Ikot Ada Udo … This book analyzes the relationship between private international law and collective settlements concluded for the benefit of foreign-interested parties under the 2005 Dutch Collective Settlements Act, or WCAM. Milieudefensie's lawsuit against Shell in Nigeria. Milieudefensie, together with four Nigerian farmers, sued Shell in 2008. We believe that Shell is guilty of causing oil pollution in three Nigerian villages. This case is unique because it is the first time a Dutch company has been sued in a Dutch court of law and held liable for ... Milieudefensie et. Toepasselijk recht. Summary: On Monday, April 5th, 2019, the environmental group Milieudefensie/Friends of the Earth Netherlands and co-plaintiffs served Shell a court summons alleging Shell’s contributions to climate change violate its duty of care under Dutch law and human rights obligations. The case was filed in the Hague Court of Appeals. It is expected that Milieudefensie will commence proceedings in late-2018. Found insideThe results of this research endeavour make up the content of this report whose aim is to provide a scholarly foundation for policy proposals by identifying specific challenges relevant to access to justice in the European Union and to ... By. Vereniging Milieudefensie v Royal Dutch Shell PLC Rechtbank Den Haag - Zaaknummer C/09/571932 / HA ZA 19-379 - Dutch and English - 26 May 2021 ... 2021. Chapter . For each country, it provides an overview of market trends and developments; distribution channels and market access conditions; as well as international and national certification schemes in the furniture sector. Kiobel et al v Royal Dutch Shell Petroleum Co et al, 569 US _ (2013) [Kiobel. Klimaatzaak tegen Royal Dutch Shell - Ontvankelijkheid vorderingen. A fifth explorer, Roger Whetmore accompanied them. Q2 Investment Summary & Outlook. These judgments are of seminal importance for improving accountability of transnationally operating businesses for violations of human and environmental rights. In May 2021, the Hague District Court ordered Royal Dutch Shell plc (RDS) to reduce the CO 2 emissions of the Shell group by 45% by 2030, relative to 2019 levels, across all its value chain emissions (scopes 1, 2 and 3) (Milieudefensie and Ors. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 1. v. Royal Dutch Shell C/09/571932 / HA ZA 19-379, where a Dutch court made orders requiring Royal Dutch Shell to substantially … • Cases are targeting a … We want Shell to pay compensation. Joint claims were brought by more than 40,000 citizens of two affected areas in the Niger Delta (the "Claimants")2 in the English courts against Royal Dutch Shell ("RDS") and one of its Nigerian subsidiaries, Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd ("SPDC"). analyse toegespitst op de positie van Shell”, was carried out at Shell’s request, as part of legal proceedings initiated by Milieudefensie (Friends of the Earth Netherlands), and with Shell’s financial support. The Shell judgment . However, only a handful of these precedents are as significant as the decision issued on May 26 th, 2021, by the Hague District Court in Milieudefensie et. 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